What is the difference between these Nikon Lenses? - 1

I am saving up to buy a Nikon D5300 (my first DSRL camera) and I noticed there were a lot of options for lenses. For example:

10-24mm f/3.5-4.5G ED Wide Angle
18-140mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR Standard
18-200mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR II All-in-one
24-85mm f/3.5-4.5G ED VR Standard

28-300mm f/4.5-5.6G ED VR II Telephoto
55-200mm f/4-5.6G ED VR II Telephoto
55-300mm f/4.5-5.6G IF-ED VR Telephoto
70-300mm f/4.5-5.6G IF-ED VR Telephoto
70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II Telephoto

35mm f/1.8G Prime
50mm f/1.8G Prime
85mm f/1.8G Prime
40mm f/2.8G Macro

What do the numbers before the mm and after the f mean? And how would the picture be affected if I bought a Telephoto over a standard? I tried doing research on this, but I couldn't find anyone who did a broad comparison.
Which should I get if I want to take pictures of nature (and night and daytime) and architecture?

Thank you so much in advance

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